Virtual Reality to reduce preprocedural anxiety during invasive coronary angiography: the VR InCard trial

Breunissen, E.H.W.

Bonnes, J.L.

Garms, L.

Scholten, N.

Cetinyurek-Yavuz, A.

Nunen, L.X.

van Wely, M.H.

Camaro, C.

ten Cate, T.J.F.

Dimitriu-Leen, A.C.

van Roygen, N.

van Geuns, R.J.

Verhaert, D.V.M.

van Goor, H.

Damman, P.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of VRx on preprocedural anxiety in patients undergoing invasiva coronary angiography (ICA). This randomized controlled trial included adults undergoing ICA for chronic coronary syndrome, coronary vasomotor function testing, or non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) with an Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) anxiety score of 4 or more. The control group received usual care with benzodiazepines if needed. The intervention group additionally received two VRx sessions of approximately 20 and 10 minutes before ICA. Primary outcome was preprocedural NRS anxiety. Secondary outcomes included NRS anxiety at other timepoints, physiological stress parameters, and patient and provider reported outcome measures. The research protocol, anonymized database, analyses scripts are published in this collection.